The objective of this article is to study the degree of differentiation and convergence of Russian regions in terms of their levels of socio-economic development using convergence theory in the current period and in the future. Using official data from the Federal State Statistics Service, an analysis of interregional disparities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation was conducted. Trends in the convergence and divergence of regional economic development levels were examined and explained. Gross regional product per capita was used as a parameter for assessing the degree of convergence, divergence, and differentiation of socio-economic development. Calculation of the ratio of GRP per capita between the region with the highest and the region with the lowest value of this indicator revealed a significant gap in economic performance and limited opportunities for catch-up growth. The significant variance in the economic performance of the territories is confirmed by the values ​​of the coefficient of variation. An empirical assessment and interpretation of data on territorial incomes allowed us to conclude that no convergence of the country's regions in terms of socio-economic performance or catch-up development took place during the study period. The lack of signs of convergence is demonstrated by the similarity in the dynamics of the gross regional product per capita across different regions of the Russian Federation. The prospects for economic convergence among Russia's regions remain ambiguous and depend on numerous factors. The potential for a future narrowing of the income and standard of living gap within the country depends on the effectiveness of economic policies that take into account structural differences between regions.